'Extraordinary powers' of a modern nation-state are generally laws that are supposed to be used in the defense of a nation or community, in extraordinary circumstances.
I say 'modern nation-state', because before the concept of natural justice was conceived, all kings and despots had extraordinary powers and used them accordingly.
In modern states, the extraordinary use-case of laws that briefly suspended citizen rights, was supposed to be event-based: like in war-time, major natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, droughts and so forth.
In the 20th century however, it became a fashion to enact special legislation outside of the natural justice paradigm, to deal with "special problems" and special needs.
In the United States it probably began with early anti-immigration laws, moved on to the war on drugs and is now everywhere.
In India, where the British were schizophrenic about what they believed in back home and actually practiced in their colonies, the earliest law I can find is the Thaggi Rule book.
Extraordinary Legislation - The British Era
1884 Rules for the Working of the Thagi and Dakaiti Department 1894 - (Archive link)
1887 The Dufferin Dispatch (See download link below)
1889 Restricting Coinage An Act for the Protection of Coinage and Other Purposes (p5)
1889 Official Secrets Act An Act to Prevent Disclosure of Official Documents and Information Act XV of 1889 (p204)
1907 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1907
1915 Defence of India Act 1915 - Promulgated during WWI by the British in India. Enabled preventive detention of suspected 'traitors' to the British cause
1915-1919 Number of people held under preventive detention during WW I, under DIA 1915, according to reports in the British Parliament (Hansard, 22 October 1919)
1904 Official Secrets Act India (Previously Official Secrets Act 1889)
1919 The Rowlatt Act or The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act
1939 DIA or Defence of India Act 1939 (Archive link to PDF). Declared martial law in India at the onset of World War II. Repealed in 1948
1942 AFSPO Armed Forces Special Powers Ordinance (p219)
1942 AFSPO Extension An Ordinance to extend the AFSPO 1942 to officers and members of police forces employed on certain duties (p277)
Coercive Security Laws - Independent India
1947 1923 Official Secrets Act Retained
1947 Art 22 of the Constitution Preventive detention legitimized in Article 22(3) to 22(7) of the Indian Constitution's Fundamental Rights chapter!
1950-1969 PDA or The Preventive Detention Act 1950
1958 AFSPA Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958
1962 DIA or Defence of India Act 1962
1967 UAPA or Unlawful Activities Prevention Act 1967
1971 DIA Defence of India Act 1971
1971-1974 MISA or Maintenance of Internal Security Act 1971 pp 91 to 97
1974 COFEPOSA, or Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of
1980 NSA or the National Security Act 1980 .
1985-2001 TADA Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act 1985 and as amended in 1987
1999 MCOCA Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
2001 APCOCA Andhra Pradesh Control of Organized Crime Act
2002-2004 POTA Prevention of Terrorism Act (2002) and the 2003 Amendment.
2002 KCOCA Karnataka Control of Organized Crimes Act
2002-2003 ARCOCA Arunachal Pradesh Control of Organized Crimes Act
2019 GUJCTOC Gujarat Control of Terrorism and Organized Crime Act 2015
A Note to Conscientious Objectors
One can of course ask why Natural Justice at all? What about cultural subjectivities?
Every culture is of course different with different values. But even monocultures, there are differences of opinions. Ideally therefore, subjective cultural and personal values should not be the domain of state laws that demand homogeneity and are best enforced if they deal with such Minimum Universals that everyone can more easily agree with.
Natural Justice theorists starting at least with John Locke have provided the most easily accessible framework for these Minimum Universals - Man's right to Life, Liberty and Property. From these have risen the superstructure of how to mutually ensure them. Other rights have risen from these - the Right to one's own conscience (thereby Speech and Religion, subject to private property or commons).
Finally, there are exceptions. Cultures and Legal Systems based on religions or ideologies will have deontological imperatives that are not negotiable. Citizens of such legal systems have only one choice - subscribe to that imperative or forever be an outsider.
Ends.
Note: Write in if you think I'm missing something, or you find some errors
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